Turkmenistan: Beyond the Marble City and the Gates of Hell

Step into a land of stark contrasts and surreal landscapes, a country that for years has remained one of the world's best-kept secrets. Turkmenistan, a nation nestled in the heart of Central Asia, is a place where futuristic, white-marble cities rise from the vast expanse of the Karakum Desert, and where ancient Silk Road whispers echo through the ruins of once-great empires. It’s a destination that defies easy categorization, promising an adventure that is as unique as it is unforgettable. From the eternal flames of the Darvaza Gas Crater to the intricate beauty of its world-renowned carpets, Turkmenistan invites the intrepid traveler to look beyond the headlines and discover a world of fascinating history, rich culture, and warm, hospitable people.

Places to Visit in Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan's attractions are as diverse as its landscape, offering a captivating blend of the ancient and the audaciously modern.

• Ashgabat: The White Marble City: The capital, Ashgabat, is a sight to behold. A testament to the country's post-independence vision, the city is a dazzling showcase of opulent government buildings, grandiose monuments, and sprawling parks, all clad in pristine white marble. Key sights include the Independence Monument, the Neutrality Arch with its golden statue of the former president, and the sprawling Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque.

• Darvaza Gas Crater (The Gates of Hell): This is arguably Turkmenistan's most iconic and surreal attraction. A collapsed natural gas cavern that was set alight by Soviet scientists in 1971 to prevent the spread of methane gas, it has been burning ever since. The sight of the fiery crater illuminating the desert night sky is a truly once-in-a-lifetime experience.

• Ancient Merv: A UNESCO World Heritage site, Merv was once one of the great cities of the Islamic world and a major stop on the Silk Road. Today, the sprawling archaeological park contains the remains of several ancient cities, offering a glimpse into the region's rich history. Key structures include the Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar and the impressive fortress walls of Gyaur-Kala.

• Konye-Urgench: Another UNESCO World Heritage site, Konye-Urgench was the capital of the Khorezmian Empire. Its remaining monuments, including the towering Kutlug-Timur Minaret and the beautifully tiled Turabek-Khanum Mausoleum, are stunning examples of Islamic architecture.

• Yangykala Canyon: Located in the Balkan Province, this breathtaking canyon is a spectacle of vibrant, pastel-colored rock formations. The dramatic cliffs and vast, empty landscapes make it a photographer's paradise and a must-visit for nature lovers.

• Kow-Ata Underground Lake: For a truly unique swimming experience, head to the Kow-Ata underground lake. Located in a cave, the naturally heated, mineral-rich water is said to have healing properties.

Things to Do in Turkmenistan

Beyond the well-trodden path, Turkmenistan offers a range of experiences that will immerse you in its unique culture and landscape.

• Witness a Traditional Horse Game: The Akhal-Teke horse, a breed renowned for its speed, endurance, and distinctive metallic sheen, is a national symbol. If you have the chance, watch a thrilling game of "Galkynysh" (a form of trick riding) or visit a horse farm to see these magnificent animals up close.

• Explore the Tolkuchka Bazaar: For a vibrant slice of local life, head to the Tolkuchka Bazaar near Ashgabat. This sprawling market is a sensory overload of colors, sounds, and smells, where you can find everything from traditional carpets and handicrafts to fresh produce and livestock.

• Camp in the Karakum Desert: Spend a night under the stars in the vast expanse of the Karakum Desert. The silence and the brilliance of the night sky are an experience in themselves, often combined with a visit to the Darvaza Gas Crater.

• Learn About Carpet Weaving: Turkmen carpets are famous worldwide for their quality and intricate designs. Visit the Carpet Museum in Ashgabat to see some of the finest examples and learn about the cultural significance of this ancient craft.

• Trek in the Kopet Dag Mountains: For the adventurous, the Kopet Dag mountain range along the border with Iran offers opportunities for hiking and exploring remote villages, providing a glimpse into a more traditional way of life.

How to Apply for a Visa to Turkmenistan: Procedure and Requirements

Obtaining a tourist visa for Turkmenistan is a process that requires careful planning and is almost always tied to a pre-booked tour. As of June 2025, here's a general overview of the procedure:

1. Book a Tour with a Licensed Tour Agency: This is the most crucial step. You cannot get a tourist visa without a Letter of Invitation (LOI) from a government-licensed tour agency in Turkmenistan. You will need to book a full tour package, including accommodation, transportation, and a guide.

1. Obtain a Letter of Invitation (LOI): Your chosen tour agency will apply for the LOI on your behalf from the State Migration Service of Turkmenistan. This process can take several weeks, so it's essential to start well in advance of your planned travel dates. You will need to provide the agency with a scanned copy of your passport and other details.

1. Visa Application: Once the LOI is approved, you can apply for your visa at a Turkmen embassy or consulate in your country of residence. In some cases, it may be possible to obtain the visa on arrival at Ashgabat International Airport, but this must be pre-arranged by your tour agency.

   
   

Required Documents for Visa Application (may vary slightly by embassy):

• Valid passport with at least six months of validity remaining.

• Completed and signed visa application form.

• One or two passport-sized photographs.

• A copy of the approved Letter of Invitation (LOI).

• Proof of travel insurance (recommended).

• Visa fee (varies depending on nationality and processing time).

Important Note: The visa process for Turkmenistan can be lengthy and unpredictable. It is highly recommended to start the process at least 2-3 months before your intended travel dates.

A Suggested 7-Day Itinerary

This itinerary covers some of the major highlights of Turkmenistan:

• Day 1: Arrival in Ashgabat. Arrive at Ashgabat International Airport, transfer to your hotel, and take some time to rest. In the afternoon, take a city tour to see the main monuments and marble-clad buildings.

• Day 2: Ashgabat and Nisa. In the morning, visit the ancient Parthian fortress of Nisa, a UNESCO World Heritage site located just outside Ashgabat. In the afternoon, explore more of the capital, including the National Museum of History and the Carpet Museum.

• Day 3: Flight to Mary and Ancient Merv. Take a morning flight to Mary. In the afternoon, explore the vast archaeological site of Ancient Merv, another UNESCO World Heritage site.

• Day 4: Mary to Ashgabat and on to Darvaza. Fly back to Ashgabat in the morning. In the afternoon, begin your journey into the Karakum Desert towards the Darvaza Gas Crater. Arrive in the evening to witness the spectacular sight of the "Gates of Hell." Camp overnight near the crater.

• Day 5: Darvaza to Konye-Urgench. After breakfast in the desert, drive to Konye-Urgench to explore its magnificent architectural monuments.

• Day 6: Konye-Urgench to Ashgabat. Take a morning flight from Dashoguz (near Konye-Urgench) back to Ashgabat. Spend the afternoon at leisure, perhaps visiting the Tolkuchka Bazaar for some last-minute souvenir shopping.

• Day 7: Departure. Transfer to Ashgabat International Airport for your departure.

Do's and Don'ts to Follow in Turkmenistan

Respect for local customs and traditions will go a long way in ensuring a smooth and enjoyable trip.

Do's:

• Do dress conservatively, especially when visiting religious sites. Women should cover their heads, shoulders, and knees. Men should also avoid wearing shorts in public.

• Do show respect for the President and government symbols. Avoid making any critical or political comments.

• Do carry your passport and visa with you at all times. You may be asked to present them at checkpoints.

• Do ask for permission before taking photographs of people, especially in rural areas.

• Do accept offers of hospitality, such as a cup of tea. It is a sign of respect and friendship.

• Do remove your shoes when entering a home or a mosque.

Don'ts:

• Don't photograph military or government buildings. This is strictly prohibited and can lead to serious trouble.

• Don't drink tap water. Stick to bottled or filtered water.

• Don't display public affection. This is not culturally appropriate.

• Don't get into political discussions. It is best to steer clear of sensitive topics.

• Don't bring in or use drones. They are illegal for tourists.

• Don't expect widespread internet access. While available in some hotels, it can be slow and censored.

A journey to Turkmenistan is a step into a world less traveled, a destination that will challenge your perceptions and leave you with a wealth of extraordinary memories. By embracing its unique character and respecting its customs, you are sure to have an adventure unlike any other.